Digital warfare: Exploring the influence of social media in propagating and counteracting hate speech in Sudan’s conflict landscape

Abstract

Abstract Social media is a double-edged sword in Sudan’s conflict, acting as both a conduit for hate speech and a platform for peacebuilding. This study examines how digital platforms shape Sudan’s conflict landscape post-April 15 2023 by facilitating divisive rhetoric and enabling counter-speech initiatives. The study uses a qualitative-dominant mixed-methods approach comprising qualitative content analysis of 200 social media posts; trend analysis over 12 months (April 2023–April 2024); and 30 semi-structured interviews with journalists, activists, and officials. The research reveals that algorithmic biases amplify misinformation and polarization, while grassroots campaigns leverage platforms for peace advocacy. Findings highlight the urgent need for localized content moderation, digital literacy programs, and regulatory frameworks to curb hate speech while preserving free expression. This study offers policy recommendations to balance security and civic engagement in digital conflict settings.