Hospitals are vulnerable to corruption. In the U.S., health care fraud has been stimated to cost $60 billion per year, or 3% of total health care expenditures - much of it in the hospital sector. Hospitals account for 50% ...

Corruption in the pharmaceutical system results in wasted resources, limited access to health services and reduced health gains. In this U4 Issue paper, we examine select global initiatives in the area of good governance ...

This U4 Issue explores the topic of grand corruption in the regulation of oil. It focuses on how and why corruption can distort or prevent efficient regulation of the oil sector. The authors suggest that, though voluntary ...

The anti-corruption reform in the Tanzanian tax bureaucracy in the mid-1990s was apparently a short-lived success. In the wake of the reform, a number of “tax experts” established themselves in the market, many of them ...

Informal payments for health services are common in many transitional and developing countries. Informal payments are often claimed to reduce access to health services, especially among the poorest. Impacts on the quality ...

There are many reasons why there are differences across the globe in terms of how well opportunities for development and a good life are secured. One of the things we know, however, is that grabbing, and perceived risks ...

This paper emphasizes the importance of collecting information on corruption, while still stressing critical aspects of the most applied sources of such information, the cross-country composite corruption indices. Are these ...

Tax and customs authorities are frequently among the most corrupt institutions in many countries For staff, opportunities for corruption and temptation to engage in it are numerous, including speeding up services, undervaluing ...

In this study dynamic analysis is applied to model changes in the level of corruption in institutions. An existing static model of corruption is evaluated and developed to incorporate dynamics. The numerical simulation ...